BadDrawer

Estaing, Charles-hector, Comte (count) D'

2005-03-19T10:32:00.000-08:00

D'Estaing served in India during the Seven Years' War and was governor of the Antilles (1763–66). He was appointed vice admiral in 1767 and in 1778 attempted to surprise the English squadrons in North America and enable the colonists

Aerospace Industry, Aerospace companies and projects

2005-03-16T05:55:00.000-08:00

David Weldon Thornton, Airbus Industrie: The Politics of an International Industrial Collaboration (1995), describes the integration of Europe's disparate aerospace industries into an industrial power that ended the American monopoly in the commercial airliner business. Additional accounts of the Airbus consortium are found in Guy Norris and Mark Wagner, Airbus (1999); and Matthew Lynn, Birds of Prey: Boeing vs. Airbus, a Battle for the Skies, rev. ed. (1997). Brian Trubshaw, Concorde: The Inside Story (2000); and Christopher Orlebar, The Concorde Story, new ed. (1997), cover the development of the British-French supersonic passenger transport. The collapse and recovery of Britain's aerospace business in the last decades of the 20th century is recounted in Richard Evans and Colin Price, Vertical Take-Off: The Inside Story of British Aerospace's Comeback from Crisis to World Class (1999). Specific American aerospace companies are examined in Eugene E. Bauer, Boeing: The First Century (2000); Robert Redding and Bill Yenne, Boeing: Planemaker to the World, rev. and updated ed. (1997); Bill Yenne, McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants (1985), and Rockwell: The Heritage of North American (1989); and Walter J. Boyne, Beyond the Horizons: The Lockheed Story (1998). Accounts of individual Soviet design bureaus and the men who shaped them are found in R.A. Belyakov (R.A. Belíàkov) and J. Marmain, MiG: Fifty Years of Secret Aircraft Design, trans. from Russian (1994); Vladimir Antonov et al., OKB Sukhoi: A History of the Design Bureau and Its Aircraft (1996); Paul Duffy and Andrei Kandalov, Tupolev: The Man and His Aircraft (1996); and James Harford, Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon (1997).

Niche

2005-03-14T23:58:00.000-08:00

Gothic examples of the decorative recess are ubiquitous, including

Kwakiutl

2005-03-13T09:02:00.000-08:00

Indians of the northwest Pacific coast of North America. The Kwakiutl live in British Columbia, Canada, along the shores of the waterways between Vancouver Island and the mainland opposite. They speak one of three major dialects: Haisla, spoken on the Gardner Canal and Douglas Channel; Heiltsuq, spoken from Gardner Canal to Rivers Inlet; and southern Kwakiutl, spoken

San Ignacio

2005-03-11T16:59:00.000-08:00

Formerly El Cayo, or Cayo, town, west-central Belize (formerly British Honduras). It lies along the Belize River, near the Guatemalan border. With Benque Viejo del Carmen, which is about 8 miles (13 km) southwest, it traditionally dealt in chicle and lumber, but these products have now largely been replaced by cattle and corn (maize), beans, and rice. Some trade is carried on with Guatemala. Its inhabitants

Categorical Imperative

2005-03-08T14:08:00.000-08:00

In the ethics of the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant, founder of critical philosophy, a moral law that is unconditional or absolute for all agents, the validity or claim of which does not depend on any ulterior motive or end. “Thou shalt not steal,” for example, is categorical as distinct from the hypothetical imperatives associated with desire, such as “Do

Tatarstan

2005-03-07T08:20:00.000-08:00

The Volga flows north-south across the western end of the republic, while the Kama, the Volga's largest tributary, forms a roughly east-west axis through the greater part. The Vyatka and the Belaya

Triad

2005-03-04T14:56:00.000-08:00

In chemistry, any of several sets of three chemically similar elements, the atomic weight of one of which is approximately equal to the mean of the atomic weights of the other two. Such triads—including chlorine-bromine-iodine, calcium-strontium-barium, and sulfur-selenium-tellurium—were noted by the German chemist J.W. Döbereiner between 1817 and 1829. The triad was the earliest

Biblical Literature, Ezekiel

2005-03-02T15:46:00.000-08:00

The Book of Ezekiel, written by the prophetpriest Ezekiel, who lived both in Jerusalem prior to the Babylonian Exile (586 BCE) and in Babylon after the Exile, and also by an editor (or editors), who belongs to a “school” of the prophet similar to that of the prophet Isaiah, has captured the attention of readers for centuries because of its vivid imagery and symbolism. The book has also

Daimler, Gottlieb (wilhelm)

2005-03-01T04:12:00.000-08:00

Daimler studied engineering at the Stuttgart polytechnic institute and then worked in various German engineering firms, gaining experience with engines. In 1872 he became technical director

France, History Of, The Wars of Religion

2005-02-26T09:03:00.000-08:00

Guise forces occupied Paris and took control of the royal family, while the Huguenots rose in the provinces, and their two commanders, Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, and Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, established headquarters at Orléans. The deaths of the opposing leaders—the Protestant Antoine de Bourbon, King Consort of Navarre, and the Catholic marshal Jacques

Emotion, Neural pathways of facial expression

2005-02-24T01:40:00.000-08:00

Of the various types of expressive behaviour, facial expression has received the most attention. In human beings and in many nonhuman primates, patterns of facial movements constitute the chief means of displaying emotion-specific signals. Whereas research has provided much information on the neural basis of emotional behaviours (e.g., aggression) in animals,

Maddalena Pass

2005-02-22T08:54:00.000-08:00

Also called Larche Pass , Italian Colle della Maddalena , or dell'Argentera , French Col de Larche , or de l'Argentière gap between the Cottian Alps (north) and the Maritime Alps (south). The pass lies at 6,548 feet (1,996 m) on the French-Italian border, 12 miles (19 km) east-northeast of Barcelonnette, Fr. A road (1870) across the pass connects Cuneo, Italy, with Barcelonnette. Hannibal reputedly led his Carthaginian army over the pass toward Rome in 218 BC, and the army of King Francis I of France used the pass to enter Italy

Xanthophyta

2005-02-21T23:06:00.000-08:00

Division or phylum of algae commonly known as yellow-green algae (q.v.).

Argand Burner

2005-02-19T05:06:00.000-08:00

First scientifically constructed oil lamp, patented in 1784 in England by a Swiss, Aimé Argand. The first basic change in lamps in thousands of years, it applied a principle that was later adapted to gas burners. The Argand burner consisted of a cylindrical wick housed between two concentric metal tubes. The inner tube provided a passage through which air rose into the

Bach, Johann Sebastian, The Arnstadt period

2005-02-17T17:15:00.000-08:00

At Arnstadt, on the northern edge of the Thuringian forest, where he remained until 1707, Bach devoted himself to keyboard music, the organ in particular. While at Lüneburg, he had apparently had no opportunity of becoming directly acquainted with the spectacular, flamboyant playing and compositions of Dietrich Buxtehude, the most significant exponent of the north

Habibollah Khan

2005-02-14T18:23:00.000-08:00

The eldest son of 'Abdor Rahman Khan, Habibollah succeeded peacefully to the throne after his father's death in October

Arghun

2005-02-10T17:30:00.000-08:00

Upon the death of his father, Il-Khan Abagha (reigned 1265–82), Prince Arghun was a candidate for the throne but was forced to yield to a stronger rival, his uncle Tegüder. Arghun thereafter accused Tegüder's followers of having poisoned his father, protested

Sazonov, Sergey Dmitriyevich

2005-02-08T14:40:00.000-08:00

Having entered the foreign ministry in 1883, Sazonov, whose brother-in-law Pyotr Stolypin was Russia's prime minister from 1906 to 1911, obtained posts in the Russian embassies in London,

Anomie

2005-02-06T21:12:00.000-08:00

The term was introduced by the French sociologist Émile Durkheim in his study of suicide. He believed that one type of suicide (anomic) resulted from the breakdown of the social standards necessary for regulating behaviour.

Tarsal

2005-02-05T06:27:00.000-08:00

Any of several short, angular bones that in humans make up the ankle and that—in animals that walk on their toes (e.g., dogs, cats) or on hoofs—are contained in the hock, lifted off the ground. The tarsals correspond to the carpal bones of the upper limb. In humans the tarsals, in combination with the metatarsal bones, form a longitudinal arch in the foot—a shape well adapted for

Paraguay, The Guaraní

2005-02-02T23:15:00.000-08:00

Indian tribes speaking the Guaraní language occupied the region between the Paraguay and Paraná rivers long before the arrival of Europeans. They were members of the Tupian language stock, which was widespread in South America, and in most respects resembled the other Indian tribes of the tropical forests. The women cultivated corn, manioc, and sweet potatoes,

Abdülhamid I

2005-02-02T03:01:00.000-08:00

Ottoman sultan from 1774 to 1789 who concluded the war with Russia by signing the humiliating Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. By the terms of the treaty, Russia obtained the fortresses on the coast of the Sea of Azov, the area between the Dnieper and Bug rivers, and navigation and commercial privileges in the Ottoman Empire. Bukovina was ceded to Austria in 1775. Russia annexed

Ambulatory

2005-02-01T17:56:00.000-08:00

In architecture, continuation of the aisled spaces on either side of the nave (central part of the church) around the apse (semicircular projection at the east end of the church) or chancel (east end of the church where the main altar stands) to form a continuous processional way. The ambulatory often provided improved sites for the numerous altars for saints, which formerly

Nicetas Stethatos

2005-01-31T15:22:00.000-08:00

A monk of the Stoudion monastery in Constantinople (now Istanbul), Nicetas allied himself c. 1020 with his spiritual tutor, Symeon the New Theologian, whose biographer and

Celle

2005-01-29T17:22:00.000-08:00

City, Lower Saxony Land (state), north-central Germany, on the Aller River, at the southern edge of the Lüneburger Heide (Heath), northeast of Hannover. The old town, Altencelle, was founded about 1248, and Celle (founded 1292) was the residence (1371–1705) of the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The old town has many fine examples of 16th- to 19th-century half-timbered buildings, including the Hoppener Haus

M'clure Strait

2005-01-28T19:28:00.000-08:00

Eastern arm of the Beaufort Sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is about 170 miles (270 km) long and 60 miles (90 km) wide. In western Franklin District, Northwest Territories, Canada, it extends west of Viscount Melville Sound and lies between Melville and Eglinton islands (north) and Banks Island (south). The strait is part of the Northwest Passage route through the Canadian Arctic archipelago.

Dubna

2005-01-28T17:53:00.000-08:00

City, Moscow oblast (province), western Russia. The city lies along the Volga River where it is joined by the Moscow Canal (completed 1937). Dubna is a new city, incorporated in 1956; in 1960 it absorbed the town of Ivankovo on the opposite bank. It is one of several planned “science cities,” its existence depending on the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, which employs scientists from

Spotsylvania Court House, Battle Of

2005-01-27T04:03:00.000-08:00

(May 8–19, 1864), Union failure to smash or outflank Confederate forces defending Richmond, Virginia, during the American Civil War. Following the Battle of the Wilderness (May 5–6), Union General Ulysses S. Grant moved his left flank forward, engaging the Confederate forces of General Robert E. Lee at Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia. The battle raged for about a week and a half, and

Antarctica, Climate

2005-01-25T21:20:00.000-08:00

The unique weather and climate of Antarctica provide the basis for its familiar appellations—Home of the Blizzard and White Desert. By far the coldest continent, Antarctica has winter temperatures that range from -128.6° F (-89.2° C), the world's lowest recorded temperature, measured at Vostok Station (Russia) on July 21, 1983, on the high inland ice sheet to -76° F (-60° C) near sea level. Temperatures

Staffordshire Figure

2005-01-24T20:21:00.000-08:00

Type of pottery figurine made in Staffordshire, England, from the 18th century. The earliest figures, made from about 1740, are naive but effective renderings of the human body in salt-glazed stoneware—e.g., the pew groups, or figures seated on a high-backed settle. Later some particularly happy effects were achieved in clouded, lead-glazed earthenware in which a subdued range

Acadia National Park

2005-01-22T10:03:00.000-08:00

National park on the Atlantic coast of Maine, U.S., astride Frenchman Bay. It has an area of 65 square miles (168 square km) and was originally established as Sieur de Monts National Monument (1916), named for Pierre du Guast, sieur (lord) de Monts. It became the first national park in the eastern United States, as Lafayette National Park in 1919, and was renamed Acadia in 1929 to preserve the historic

Somali Basin

2005-01-22T06:53:00.000-08:00

Submarine basin on the floor of the southwestern Arabian Sea, an arm of the Indian Ocean, east of Somalia. The Carlsberg Ridge separates it from the shallower Arabian Basin to the northeast. The Somali Basin also connects with the Mascarene and Madagascar basins to the south, with sill depths greater than 11,800 feet (3,600 m). Sill depths between the Somali and Arabian basins have

Use Tax

2005-01-21T01:24:00.000-08:00

Levy on the use or possession of a commodity. Under the principle that the taxpayer should pay according to the benefits received from public services, a use tax is often levied on the user of a service, so that costs of the service are not borne by the general taxpayer. Common examples are motor-vehicle and boat licenses and user fees for airports or harbour-docking

Sailfish

2005-01-19T09:10:00.000-08:00

(genus Istiophorus), valued food and game fish of the family Istiophoridae (order Perciformes) found in warm and temperate waters around the world. The sailfish has a long, rounded spear extending from its snout but is distinguished from related species, such as marlins, by its slimmer form, long pelvic fins, and, most especially, its large, saillike

Fardd, Eben

2005-01-18T06:07:00.000-08:00

Fardd's best-known poems include Dinystr Jerusalem (“Destruction of Jerusalem”), an ode that won the prize at the Welshpool eisteddfod (1824); Job, which won at Liverpool (1840); and Maes

Culverin

2005-01-17T14:46:00.000-08:00

The culverin was adapted to field use by the French in the mid-15th century and to naval use by the English in the late 16th century. During the 17th century, cannons were classified according to the weight of projectiles fired, and

Fardd, Eben

2005-01-17T04:24:00.000-08:00

The advantages of using pure oxygen instead of air in refining pig iron into steel were recognized

Scandinavian Literature, The impact of the reformation on Swedish letters

2005-01-15T13:00:00.000-08:00

Two dates mark the beginning of modern Swedish history: 1523—the breach with Denmark and Gustav I Vasa's accession; and 1527—the breach with Rome and the establishment of a national Lutheran Church. The political revolution that eventually brought Sweden to the position of a European power had no considerable effect on literature until a century later, but the Reformation

China, Economy

2005-01-15T08:58:00.000-08:00

Information on railway, air, and highway communication may be found in general works on the Chinese economy cited in the previous paragraph. For the role of transportation in the history of Western influence on China and on regional economics, see Shun-hsin Chou, “Railway Development and Economic Growth in Manchuria,” China Quarterly, no. 45, pp. 57–84 (1971). Articles on transportation appear intermittently in Beijing Review (weekly).

Ear Disease, External otitis

2005-01-14T13:44:00.000-08:00

Infection of the outer-ear canal by molds or various microorganisms occurs especially in warm, humid climates and among swimmers. The ear canal itches and becomes tender; a small amount of thin, often foul-smelling material drains from it. If the canal becomes clogged by the swelling and drainage, hearing will be impaired. Careful and thorough cleaning of the outer-ear

Auersperg, Johann Weikhart, Prince (fürst) Von

2005-01-12T22:04:00.000-08:00

After serving briefly as a Habsburg court councillor, Auersperg was sent to The Hague (1641), and later he took part in peace negotiations at Osnabrück, which ultimately ended the Thirty Years'

Juvarra, Filippo

2005-01-11T11:23:00.000-08:00

Juvarra studied in Rome (1703–14) under the architect Carlo Fontana and was commissioned to design scenes for Cardinal Ottoboni's theatre in the Cancelleria Palace. He was also asked to do stage designs for the queen of Poland, Maria

Amir Khosrow

2005-01-11T07:18:00.000-08:00

Amir Khosrow was the son of a Turkish officer in the service of Iltutmish, sultan of Delhi, and for his entire life he enjoyed the patronage of the Muslim rulers of Delhi, especially Sultan Ghiyas-ud-Din Balban and his son Muhammad Khan of Multan. During his youth

Parnassus, Mount

2005-01-09T23:32:00.000-08:00

Modern Greek Óros Parnassós, mountain barren limestone spur of the Pindus Mountains, central Greece, running northwest–southeast on the borders of the nomoí (departments) of Phocis, Fthiótis, and Boeotia. Rising to a maximum elevation of 8,061 ft (2,457 m) in Mt. Parnassus, within sight of Delphi, it extends to Cape Opus on the Gulf of Corinth. In ancient times Parnassus was sacred to the Dorians and in mythology

Tiel

2005-01-09T01:10:00.000-08:00

Formerly Thiel, gemeente (commune), Gelderland provincie, central Netherlands, on the Waal River, west-southwest of Arnhem. Chartered in 1200, Tiel developed as a medieval port and market town and became a member of the Hanseatic League. The town now has a horticultural school, serves a fruit-growing (cherries, apples, and pears) region, and has some light industries. Pop. (1992 est.) 32,643.

Croesus

2005-01-08T07:48:00.000-08:00

A member of the Mermnad dynasty, Croesus succeeded to the throne of his father, Alyattes, after a struggle with his half brother. Croesus is said to have acted as viceroy and commander in

Tiel

2005-01-07T08:06:00.000-08:00

Also called Dinitrogen Monoxide , or Laughing Gas, one of several oxides of nitrogen, a colourless gas with pleasant, sweetish odour and taste, which when inhaled produces insensibility to pain preceded by mild hysteria, sometimes laughter. Nitrous oxide was discovered by the English chemist Joseph Priestley in 1772; another English chemist, Humphry Davy, later named it nitrous oxide and showed its physiological effect.

Switzerland

2005-01-05T13:56:00.000-08:00

With its economy in good shape and a substantial budget surplus expected, Switzerland sailed through the year 2000. The nation's exports, particularly pharmaceuticals and watches, benefited from the strong dollar. While strains were experienced in some industrial sectors, average unemployment remained under 3%. Despite a sharp rise in fuel prices, long lines at filling

Brig

2005-01-04T09:16:00.000-08:00

Two-masted sailing ship with square rigging on both masts. Brigs were used for both naval and mercantile purposes. As merchant vessels, they plied mostly coastal trading routes, but oceanic voyages were not uncommon; some brigs were even used for whaling and sealing. Naval brigs carried a battery of 10 to 20 guns on a single deck. In the great European navies of the 18th and 19th

Jiang Zemin

2005-01-04T08:26:00.000-08:00

Jiang joined the CCP in 1946 and graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University the following year with a degree in electrical engineering. He worked in several factories as an engineer before receiving further technical training

Gauguin, Paul

2005-01-02T17:53:00.000-08:00

In full Eugène-Henri-Paul Gauguin French painter, printmaker, and sculptor who sought to achieve a “primitive” expression of spiritual and emotional states in his work. The artist, whose work has been categorized as Post-Impressionist, Synthetist, and Symbolist, is particularly well known for his creative

Anchieta, José De

2005-01-02T02:39:00.000-08:00

Anchieta came from a prominent Portuguese family and was even thought to be related to the founder of the Jesuit

Awangarda Krakowska

2004-12-31T13:39:00.000-08:00

Avant-garde literary movement in Poland, launched in Kraków in 1922 and centring around a local periodical, Zwrotnica (1922–27; “Switch”). Tadeusz Peiper, the first poet in Poland to advance a poetics opposed to that of the Skamander group of poets (who had turned toward the classical in their effort to forge a modernist poetry), was Zwrotnica's editor from 1922 to 1923 and again from 1926 to 1927. (Peiper

Kabardino-balkaria

2004-12-30T07:27:00.000-08:00

Republic in southwestern Russia, on the northern flank of the Greater Caucasus range. It is divided into three main relief regions. In the south is the Greater Caucasus, the crest of which forms the boundary. Four mountain ranges—Glavny, Peredovoy, Skalisty, and Chornye—run parallel. The highest peaks are Elbrus (18,510 feet [5,642 m]) and Dykh-Tau (17,073 feet [5,204 m]). There are many, often extensive,

Kanik, Orhan Veli

2004-12-29T10:27:00.000-08:00

Educated at the Faculty of Literature of Istanbul University, he worked briefly as a teaching assistant before joining the Turkish postal administration in Ankara (1936–42). From 1942 to 1945 he served as a reserve officer in the Turkish Army. Because he had a good command

Východní Slovensko

2004-12-29T06:28:00.000-08:00

Czech Východoslovenský kraj (region), eastern Slovakia. It is bordered by Strední Slovensko kraj to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, and Hungary to the south. The Vysoké Tatry (High Tatras) and Nízke Beskydy Mountains extend across the northern part of Východní Slovensko kraj, and the Nízke Tatry (Low Tatras) give way to the Slovenské Rudo (“Slovak Ore”) Mountains in the west. A major

Roubiliac, Louis-françois

2004-12-28T09:32:00.000-08:00

Roubiliac was apprenticed to a sculptor of ivory and porcelain, Balthasar Permoser, and later became assistant to Nicolas Coustou, a French Baroque sculptor. He moved to London about 1732. His first independent commission was a statue of Handel for Vauxhall Gardens in 1737. A year

Amelanchier

2004-12-27T17:05:00.000-08:00

Genus of flowering shrubs and small trees of the rose family (Rosaceae), several species of which have entered cultivation as ornamental plants. Most species are North American; exceptions include the shrubby A. ovalis, which ranges over Europe, and A. asiatica, a small tree of East Asia. A number of amelanchiers are variously called juneberry,

Nagodba

2004-12-26T03:35:00.000-08:00

(Serbo-Croatian: “Agreement”), English in full Croatian-hungarian Agreement Of 1868, pact that governed Croatia's political status as a territory of Hungary until the end of World War I. When the Ausgleich, or Compromise, of 1867 created the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy, Croatia, which was part of the Habsburg empire, was merged with Slavonia and placed under Hungarian jurisdiction. Although many Croats who sought full autonomy for the South Slavs of

Systemic Circulation

2004-12-25T21:07:00.000-08:00

In physiology, the circuit of vessels supplying oxygenated blood to and returning deoxygenated blood from the tissues of the body, as distinguished from the pulmonary circulation. Blood is pumped from the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta and arterial branches to the arterioles and through capillaries, where it reaches an equilibrium with the tissue

Toba, Go-

2004-12-23T15:51:00.000-08:00

After reigning for 15 years, Go-Toba in 1198 abdicated

Papua New Guinea

2004-12-23T11:56:00.000-08:00

Officially Independent State of Papua New Guinea, island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It encompasses the eastern half of the island of New Guinea (the western half, Irian Jaya, belonging to Indonesia) and its offshore islands as well as the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain, New Ireland, and the Admiralty Islands) and those of Bougainville and Buka. Together these islands cover 178,704 square miles

Catalysis

2004-12-22T14:01:00.000-08:00

The term catalysis was first used in 1835 by the Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius to characterize phenomena observed by chemists in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Examples of catalysis, however, were known much

Minbar

2004-12-20T17:21:00.000-08:00

Muhammad originally delivered his khutbahs while leaning against a palm-trunk pillar in the mosque at Medina. Hadith (accounts of

Canaris, Wilhelm (franz)

2004-12-20T01:21:00.000-08:00

Having served in the navy during World War I, Canaris was a member of the military tribunal that sentenced the murderers of the German

Japan, The emergence of new forces.

2004-12-19T07:44:00.000-08:00

After the Onin War, the power of independent local leaders increased markedly, and in many instances deputies of great shugo houses usurped the domains of their superiors, retainers overthrew their overlords, and branch families seized power from main families. Because of this tendency for “inferiors to overcome superiors” (gekokujo), the previous shugo almost completely

Gweru

2004-12-18T14:31:00.000-08:00

Formerly Gwelo, town, central Zimbabwe, on the Gweru River. The original Matabele settlement was named iKwelo (“The Steep Place”), after the river's high banks. The modern town, founded in 1894 as a military outpost, developed as an agricultural centre and became a municipality in 1914. Situated along the road and railway between Harare (formerly Salisbury) and Bulawayo and near the rail spur to Maputo,

Abraxas

2004-12-16T10:55:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Abrasax, sequence of Greek letters considered as a word and formerly inscribed on charms, amulets, and gems in the belief that it possessed magical qualities. In the 2nd century AD, some Gnostic and other dualistic sects, which viewed matter as evil and the spirit as good and held that salvation came through esoteric knowledge, or gnosis, personified Abraxas and initiated a cult

Alipur Duar

2004-12-14T21:15:00.000-08:00

City, northeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India, just north of the Kalyani River. Connected by road with Jalpaiguri, the city is an important market centre for rice, tobacco, and jute; an annual agricultural produce and stock fair is held there. Rice milling is an important industry. Alipur Duar was declared a municipality in 1951. Pop. (1991) 65,421.

Argentina, Attempts to restore constitutionalism, 195566

2004-12-12T21:35:00.000-08:00

Lonardi recognized the strength of Peronism and sought a compromise, but he was displaced in November 1955 by General Pedro Eugenio Aramburu. The new administration was a military dictatorship that sought to restore constitutional government. Taking a fiercely anti-Peronist stance, it dissolved Perón's old party and placed the labour unions under state administration.

Eritrea, Drainage

2004-12-10T01:14:00.000-08:00

The Eritrean highlands are drained by four major rivers and numerous streams. Two of the rivers, the Gash and the Tekeze, flow westward into The Sudan. The Tekeze River (also known as the Satit) is a major tributary of the Atbara River, which eventually joins the Nile. The Gash River reaches the Atbara only during flood season. As it crosses the western lowlands, the Tekeze

World War I, Peace moves and U.S. policy to February 1917

2004-12-09T17:04:00.000-08:00

There were few efforts by any of the Central or Allied Powers to achieve a negotiated peace in the first two years of the war. By 1916 the most promising signs for peace seemed to exist only in the intentions of two statesmen in power—the German chancellor Bethmann and the U.S. president Woodrow Wilson. Wilson, having proclaimed the neutrality of the United States in August

Ramayana

2004-12-06T13:26:00.000-08:00

The poem describes the royal birth of Rama in the kingdom of Ayodhya (Oudh), his tutelage

Ardabil Carpet

2004-12-05T17:09:00.000-08:00

Either of two Persian floor coverings that are among the most famous examples of early classical Persian workmanship. The larger one measures 34 feet by 17.5 feet (10.4 by 5.3 m), and both carpets have a silk warp and wool pile. The carpets were completed in 1539–40, during the reign of the Safavid ruler Shah Tahmasp I (1524–76), and they were originally laid in the Mosque of Ardabil, in the Iranian province of

Kaneohe

2004-12-02T01:35:00.000-08:00

Town, Honolulu County, northeastern Oahu Island, Hawaii, U.S. Spreading from the foothills of the Koolau Range to Kaneohe Bay, it is primarily residential and is the seat of Windward Community College (1972). Like neighbouring Kailua to the east, the Kaneohe (meaning “bamboo husband”) area was once the residence of the island's early kings. Local attractions include Waikalua,

Chemical Compound, Uses of aldehydes and ketones

2004-11-30T16:34:00.000-08:00

Hundreds of individual aldehydes and ketones are used by chemists daily to synthesize other compounds, but they are less important in industrial synthesis (that is, the production of compounds on a scale of tons). Only two aldehydes or ketones are used to a significant degree in industry in the United States, as determined by the number of tons of the chemicals utilized

Biblical Literature, Malachi

2004-11-29T09:27:00.000-08:00

The Book of Malachi, the last of the Twelve (Minor) Prophets, was written by an anonymous writer called Malachi, or “my messenger.” Perhaps written from about 500–450 BCE, the book is concerned with spiritual degradation, religious perversions, social injustices, and unfaithfulness to the Covenant. Priests are condemned for failing to instruct the people on their Covenant responsibilities,

Van Vleck, John H.

2004-11-27T08:04:00.000-08:00

Educated at the University of Wisconsin, Madison,

Mason

2004-11-25T06:46:00.000-08:00

An adherent of Freemasonry (q.v.).

Sayyid Dynasty

2004-11-22T09:24:00.000-08:00

Rulers of India's Delhi sultanate (c. 1414–51) as successors of the Tughluq dynasty until displaced by the Afghan Lodis; this family claimed to be sayyids, or descendants of the Prophet Muhammad. The central authority of the Delhi sultanate had been fatally weakened by the invasion of Timur (Tamerlane) and his sack of Delhi in 1398. For the next 50 years, North India was virtually divided

Biblical Literature, Textual criticism

2004-11-21T11:19:00.000-08:00

Textual criticism is concerned with the basic task of establishing, as far as possible, the original text of the documents on the basis of the available materials. For the Old Testament, until 1947, these materials consisted principally of: (1) Hebrew manuscripts dated from the 9th century AD onward, the Masoretic text, the traditional Jewish text with its vocalization and punctuation

Metalwork, Pre-Columbian

2004-11-19T15:20:00.000-08:00

In pre-Columbian America, gold, silver, and copper were the principal metals that were worked, with tin, lead, and platinum used less frequently. When the Spaniards arrived in the New World in the 16th century, they found a wide range of well-developed technical skills in fine metalwork in Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, and the Andean region. They had very little to offer the Indian

Mare's-tail

2004-11-17T16:48:00.000-08:00

The aquatic plant Hippuris vulgaris or either of two other species of its genus, which constitute the water milfoil family (Hippuridaceae). Mare's-tail grows from submerged, stout rootstocks along the margins of lakes and ponds in temperate regions throughout the world. It resembles the unrelated horsetail (Equisetum species) in having whorls of small, linear leaves

Benalla

2004-11-15T19:35:00.000-08:00

City, central Victoria, Australia, on the Broken River. Founded in 1848 on an overland stock route after Sir Thomas Mitchell's exploration of the area, its name is derived from an Aboriginal term meaning “crossing place.” The city is a rail and highway junction and the commercial centre for a district of livestock, poultry, and grain farming. Local industries include flour

Anser

2004-11-13T18:01:00.000-08:00

Bird genus of the family Anatidae (order Anseriformes). For a general discussion of the genus, see goose; for A. Albifrons, see white-fronted goose; for A. anser, see greylag; for A. caerulescens, see snow goose.

Hagia Sophia

2004-11-11T16:56:00.000-08:00

Also called Church Of The Holy Wisdom, Turkish Ayasofya, cathedral built at Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) under the direction of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. It is a unique building and one of the world's great monuments, despite time's ravages. The structure, a domed basilica, was built in the amazingly short time of about six years, being completed in AD 537. The architects were Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus.

Rouget De Lisle, Claude-joseph

2004-11-09T08:41:00.000-08:00

Author of “La Marseillaise,” the French national anthem. A lowly army officer and only a moderate republican, Rouget de Lisle never wrote anything else of significance. He composed both the words and music of “La Marseillaise” for his comrades in 1792 while stationed at Strasbourg; it was originally called “Chant de guerre de l'armée

Strategus

2004-11-07T23:07:00.000-08:00

An annual board of 10 strategi was introduced in Athens during the reorganization of the tribal system under Cleisthenes (c. 508 BC), each of the 10 tribal units being represented in the army by a taxis (“regiment”) led by a strategus. At the Battle

Ulam, Stanislaw Marcin

2004-11-05T06:34:00.000-08:00

Ulam received a doctoral degree (1933) at the Polytechnic Institute in Lvov (now Lviv). At the invitation of John von Neumann, he worked at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New

Libya

2004-11-03T10:53:00.000-08:00

The Libyan leadership continued to seek improved international relations with the United States and European Union countries. Diplomatic relations had been restored with all except the United States by the beginning of 2002. The outcome of the Lockerbie trial in January 2001 was unconvincing internationally, unsatisfactory from the point of view of the families of

Konovalov, Aleksandr Ivanovich

2004-10-31T05:24:00.000-08:00

Born into a prosperous family engaged in textile manufacturing, Konovalov was educated in England

Canadian River

2004-10-30T19:59:00.000-07:00

River that rises in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, northeastern New Mexico, U.S., and flows southward across the Las Vegas Plains, cutting a gorge nearly 1,500 feet (450 m) deep in the Canadian escarpment before turning eastward. It continues through the Texas Panhandle in a deep, narrow valley cut into reddish sandstones, the walls of which are known locally as the “breaks,” and flows

Adams, John

2004-10-28T23:57:00.000-07:00

In 1784 Jefferson arrived in Paris to replace Franklin as the American minister at the French court. Over the next few months, Jefferson became an unofficial member of the Adams family, and the bond of friendship between Adams and Jefferson was sealed, a lifelong partnership and rivalry that made the combative New Englander and the elegant Virginian the odd couple of the American Revolution. Jefferson also visited the Adams family in England in 1785, after Adams had assumed his new post as American ambassador in London. The two men also joined forces, though Adams as the senior figure assumed the lead, in negotiating a $400,000 loan from Dutch bankers that allowed the American government to consolidate its European debts.

1763, Proclamation Of

2004-10-25T21:10:00.000-07:00

Proclamation declared by the British crown at the end of the French and Indian War in North America, mainly intended to conciliate the Indians by checking the encroachment of white settlers on their lands. After Indian grievances had resulted in the start of Pontiac's War (1763–64), British authorities determined to subdue intercolonial rivalries and abuses by dealing

Alesia

2004-10-24T07:58:00.000-07:00

Ancient town situated on Mont Auxois, above the present-day village of Alise-Sainte-Reine in the département of Côte d'Or, France, famous as the site of the siege of Vercingetorix by Julius Caesar in 52 BC that was decisive in his conquest of Gaul. The Gallic town was succeeded on the same site by a Roman town.

Callahan, Harry Morey

2004-10-22T09:12:00.000-07:00

American photographer (b. Oct. 22, 1912, Detroit, Mich.—d. March 15, 1999, Atlanta, Ga.), experimented with the use of light, line, and space to produce images that portray ordinary scenes and objects in innovative, abstract ways. He felt that photographs had to have more significance than was apparent at first look; he focused on such favourite themes as his wife and daughter, landscapes, and

Eyeglasses

2004-10-19T22:11:00.000-07:00

Also called Glasses, or Spectacles, lenses set in frames for wearing in front of the eyes to aid vision or to correct such defects of vision as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. In 1268 Roger Bacon made the earliest recorded comment on the use of lenses for optical purposes, but magnifying lenses inserted in frames were used for reading both in Europe and China at this time, and it is a matter of controversy

Sangamon Interglacial Stage

2004-10-18T02:48:00.000-07:00

Major division of Pleistocene time and deposits in North America (the Pleistocene Epoch began about 1,600,000 years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago). The Sangamon Interglacial follows the Illinoian Glacial Stage and precedes the Wisconsin Glacial Stage, both periods of widespread continental glaciation and severe climatic conditions, as opposed to the moderate conditions

Arundel, Thomas Howard, 2nd (or 14th) Earl Of, Earl Of Surrey, Earl Of Norfolk

2004-10-16T14:22:00.000-07:00

The son of Philip Howard, the first earl of the Howard line, he was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. On April 18, 1604, he was restored to his father's earldom of Arundel and to the

BadDrawer

Estaing, Charles-hector, Comte (count) D'

Aerospace Industry, Aerospace companies and projects

Niche

Kwakiutl

San Ignacio

Categorical Imperative

Tatarstan

Triad

Biblical Literature, Ezekiel

Daimler, Gottlieb (wilhelm)

France, History Of, The Wars of Religion

Emotion, Neural pathways of facial expression

Maddalena Pass

Xanthophyta

Argand Burner

Bach, Johann Sebastian, The Arnstadt period

Habibollah Khan

Arghun

Sazonov, Sergey Dmitriyevich

Anomie

Tarsal

Paraguay, The Guaraní

Abdülhamid I

Ambulatory

Nicetas Stethatos

Celle

M'clure Strait

Dubna

Spotsylvania Court House, Battle Of

Antarctica, Climate

Staffordshire Figure

Acadia National Park

Somali Basin

Use Tax

Sailfish

Fardd, Eben

Culverin

Fardd, Eben

Scandinavian Literature, The impact of the reformation on Swedish letters

China, Economy

Ear Disease, External otitis

Auersperg, Johann Weikhart, Prince (fürst) Von

Juvarra, Filippo

Amir Khosrow

Parnassus, Mount

Tiel

Croesus

Tiel

Switzerland

Brig

Jiang Zemin

Gauguin, Paul

Anchieta, José De

Awangarda Krakowska

Kabardino-balkaria

Kanik, Orhan Veli

Východní Slovensko

Roubiliac, Louis-françois

Amelanchier

Nagodba

Systemic Circulation

Toba, Go-

Papua New Guinea

Catalysis

Minbar

Canaris, Wilhelm (franz)

Japan, The emergence of new forces.

Gweru

Abraxas

Alipur Duar

Argentina, Attempts to restore constitutionalism, 195566

Eritrea, Drainage

World War I, Peace moves and U.S. policy to February 1917

Ramayana

Ardabil Carpet

Kaneohe

Chemical Compound, Uses of aldehydes and ketones

Biblical Literature, Malachi

Van Vleck, John H.

Argentina, Attempts to restore constitutionalism, 195566